Battle Fatigue Prevention, 528th Medical Detachment, Combat Stress Control Website. VA 1996 External Peer Review Program. Contract No. V101(93) P-1369.

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) toolbox, Centre for eivdence-based medicine at http://www.cebm.ent.

Cochrane Reviews, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register at http://www.update-software.com/cochrane.

The expert consensus guideline series. Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The Expert Consensus Panels for PTSD. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60 Suppl 16:3-76.

Clinical policy for the initial approach to patients presenting with altered mental status. Ann of Emergency Medicine 1999; 33:251-80.

Acierno RA, Kilpatrick DG, Resnick HS et al. Violent assault, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression. Risk factors for cigarette use among adult women. Behav Modif 1996; 20 (4):363-84.

Adshead G. Psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2000; 177:144-8.

Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR). Manual for Conducting Systematic Review. Draft. Prepared by Steven H. Woolf, August 1996.

Alto C. Meta-analysis of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing efficacy studies in the treatment of PTSD: Seton Hall University; 2001.

Amir M, Kaplan Z, Efroni R et al. Suicide risk and coping styles in posttraumatic stress disorder patients. Psychother Psychosom 1999; 68 (2):76-81.

Andrade J, Kavanagh D, Baddeley A. Eye-movements and visual imagery: A working memory approach to the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 1997; 36:209-23.

Anthony WA, Rogers ES, Cohen M et al. Relationships between psychiatric symptomatology, work skills, and future vocational performance. Psychiatr Serv 1995; 46 (4):353-8.

APA. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association (APA); 1994.

Armenian HK, Morikawa M, Melkonian AK et al. Loss as a determinant of PTSD in a cohort of adult survivors of the 1988 earthquake in Armenia: implications for policy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000; 102 (1):58-64.

Army U.S. Department of. First Aid for Soldiers. FM 21-11. Updated 4 December 1991. Washington, D.C.: Headquarters, Department of the Army; 1991.

Bahk WM, Pae CU, Tsoh J et al. Effects of mirtazapine in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder in Korea: a pilot study. Hum Psychopharmacol 2002; 17 (7):341-4.

Baker DG, Diamond BI, Gillette G et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multi-center study of brofaromine in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1995; 122 (4):386-9.

Baldacchino D, Draper P. Spiritual coping strategies: a review of the nursing research literature. J Adv Nurs 2001; 34 (6):833-41.

Ballenger JC, Davidson JR, Lecrubier Y et al. Consensus statement on posttraumatic stress disorder from the International Consensus Group on Depression and Anxiety. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61 Suppl 5:60-6.

Barnett SD, Tharwani HM, Hertzberg MA et al. Tolerability of fluoxetine in posttraumatic stress disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2002; 26 (2):363-7.

Barrowcliff AL, Gray NS, MacCulloch S et al. Horizontal rhythmical eye-movements consistently diminish the arousal provoked by auditory stimuli. British Journal of Clinical Psychology in press.

Bart P. Unalienating aboration, demystifying depression, and restoring rape victims. Anaheim, CA: 128th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, May 1975.

Bartone P. Hardiness protects against war-related stress in Army Reserve Forces. Consulting Psychol J Practice and Research 1999; 51 (2):72-81.

Bayot A, Capafons A, Cardena E. Emotional self-regulation therapy: a new and efficacious treatment for smoking. Am J Clin Hypn 1997; 40 (2):146-56.

Beck A. Thinking and depression: II theory and therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1964; 10:561-71.

Bell M, Lysaker P. Levels of expectation for work activity in schizophrenia: clinical and rehabilitation outcomes. Psychiatric Rehabil 1996; 19 (3):71-6.

Bell MD, Lysaker PH, Milstein RM. Clinical benefits of paid work activity in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1996; 22 (1):51-67.

Bell MD, Milstein RM, Lysaker PH. Pay and participation in work activity: clinical benefits for clients with schizophrenia. Psychosocial Rehabil 1993; 17 (2):173-7.

Bell Meisenhelder J. Terrorism, posttraumatic stress, and religious coping. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2002; 23 (8):771-82.

Benotsch EG, Brailey K, Vasterling JJ et al. War zone stress, personal and environmental resources, and PTSD symptoms in Gulf War veterans: a longitudinal perspective. J Abnorm Psychol 2000; 109 (2):205-13.

Berlant J, van Kammen DP. Open-label topiramate as primary or adjunctive therapy in chronic civilian posttraumatic stress disorder: a preliminary report. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63 (1):15-20.

Berlant JL. Topiramate in posttraumatic stress disorder: preliminary clinical observations. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62 Suppl 17:60-3.

Birmes P, Carreras D, Ducasse JL et al. Peritraumatic dissociation, acute stress, and early posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of general crime. Can J Psychiatry 2001; 46 (7):649-51.

Bisson JI, Jenkins PL, Alexander J et al. Randomised controlled trial of psychological debriefing for victims of acute burn trauma. Br J Psychiatry 1997; 171:78-81.

Blaha J, Svobodova K, Kapounkova Z. Therapeutical aspects of using citalopram in burns. Acta Chir Plast 1999; 41 (1):25-32.

Blanchard EB, Hickling EJ, Mitnick N et al. The impact of severity of physical injury and perception of life threat in the development of post-traumatic stress disorder in motor vehicle accident victims. Behav Res Ther 1995; 33 (5):529-34.

Blanchard EB, Hickling EJ, Taylor AE et al. Who develops PTSD from motor vehicle accidents? Behav Res Ther 1996; 34 (1):1-10.

Bogia B. Preston, Responding to Questions in Pastoral Care. Journal of Pastoral Care 1985; 39 (4):357-69.

Bohus M, Haaf B, Stiglmayr C et al. Evaluation of inpatient dialectical-behavioral therapy for borderline personality disorder--a prospective study. Behav Res Ther 2000; 38 (9):875-87.

Bohus MJ, Landwehrmeyer GB, Stiglmayr CE et al. Naltrexone in the treatment of dissociative symptoms in patients with borderline personality disorder: an open-label trial. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60 (9):598-603.

Bond GR, Drake RE, Becker DR et al. Effectiveness of psychiatric rehabilitation approaches for employment of people with severe mental illness; 1997.

Brady K, Pearlstein T, Asnis GM et al. Efficacy and safety of sertraline treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Jama 2000; 283 (14):1837-44.

Brannon N, Labbate L, Huber M. Gabapentin treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Can J Psychiatry 2000; 45 (1):84.

Braun P, Greenberg D, Dasberg H et al. Core symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder unimproved by alprazolam treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 51 (6):236-8.

Bremner JD, Southwick S, Brett E et al. Dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam combat veterans. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149 (3):328-32.

Breslau N. Outcomes of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62 Suppl 17:55-9.

Breslau N. Epidemiologic studies of trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and other psychiatric disorders. Can J Psychiatry 2002a; 47 (10):923-9.

Breslau N. Gender differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Gend Specif Med 2002b; 5 (1):34-40.

Breslau N, Chilcoat HD, Kessler RC et al. Previous exposure to trauma and PTSD effects of subsequent trauma: results from the Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. Am J Psychiatry 1999a; 156 (6):902-7.

Breslau N, Chilcoat HD, Kessler RC et al. Vulnerability to assaultive violence: further specification of the sex difference in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychol Med 1999b; 29 (4):813-21.

Breslau N, Davis D, Schultz LR. Posttraumatic stress disorder and the incidence of nicotine, alcohol, and other drug disorders in persons who have experienced trauma. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60:289-94.

Breslau N, Davis GC, Andreski P et al. Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48 (3):216-22.

Breslau N, Davis GC, Peterson EL et al. A second look at comorbidity in victims of trauma: the posttraumatic stress disorder-major depression connection. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 48 (9):902-9.

Breslau N, Kessler RC, Chilcoat HD et al. Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: the 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55 (7):626-32.

Breslau N, Peterson EL, Kessler RC et al. Short screening scale for DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1999b; 156 (6):908-11.

Breuer J, Freud S. Studies on hysteria. In: J Strachey, editor, translator and editor The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud. Vol. 2. London: Hogarth Press; 1955; p. 1-335.

Brewin CR, Andrews B, Rose S et al. Acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of violent crime. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156 (3):360-6.

Brewin CR, Andrews B, Valentine JD. Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000; 68 (5):748-66.

Britt TW, Adler AB, Bartone PT. Deriving benefits from stressful events: the role of engagement in meaningful work and hardiness. J Occup Health Psychol 2001; 6 (1):53-63.

Brom D, Kleber RJ, Defares PB. Brief psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol 1989; 57 (5):607-12.

Bromet EJ, Gluzman S, Schwartz JE et al. Somatic symptoms in women 11 years after the Chornobyl accident: prevalence and risk factors. Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110 Suppl 4:625-9.

Bryant RA, Harvey AG, Dang ST et al. Treatment of acute stress disorder: a comparison of cognitive-behavioral therapy and supportive counseling. J Consult Clin Psychol 1998; 66 (5):862-6.

Bryant RA, Harvey AG, Guthrie RM et al. A prospective study of psychophysiological arousal, acute stress disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Abnorm Psychol 2000; 109 (2):341-4.

Bryant RA, Sackville T, Dang ST et al. Treating acute stress disorder: an evaluation of cognitive behavior therapy and supportive counseling techniques. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156 (11):1780-6.

Bullman TA, Kang HK. Posttraumatic stress disorder and the risk of traumatic deaths among Vietnam veterans. J Nerv Ment Dis 1994; 182 (11):604-10.

Butterfield MI, Becker ME, Connor KM et al. Olanzapine in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a pilot study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 16 (4):197-203.

Butterfield MI, Forneris CA, Feldman ME et al. Hostility and functional health status in women veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder: a preliminary study. J Trauma Stress 2000; 13 (4):735-41.

Cahill SP. Counterpoint: Evaluating EMDR in Treating PTSD. Psychiatric Times 2000; 17 (7).

Calhoun LG, Cann A, Tedeschi RG et al. A correlational test of the relationship between posttraumatic growth, religion, and cognitive processing. J Trauma Stress 2000; 13 (3):521-7.

Campfield KM, Hills AM. Effect of timing of critical incident stress debriefing (CISD) on posttraumatic symptoms. J Trauma Stress 2001; 14 (2):327-40.

Canda ER, Phaobtong T. Buddhism as a supportive system for Southeast Asia refugees. Social Work 1992; 37:61-7.

Canive JM, Clark RD, Calais LA et al. Bupropion treatment in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: an open study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1998; 18 (5):379-83.

Cardena E, Alarcon A, Capafons A et al. Effects on suggestibility of a new method of active-alert hypnosis: alert hand. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 1998; 46 (3):280-94.

Carlson JG, Chemtob CM, Rusnak K et al. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EDMR) treatment for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress 1998; 11 (1):3-24.

Chemtob CM, Tolin DF, van der Kolk BA. Guidelines for treatment of PTSD: eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. J Trauma Stress 2000; 13:569-70.

Christman S, Garvey K. Episodic versus semantic memory: Eye movements and cortical activation. In Poster presented at the 41st Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, New Orleans, LA; 2000.

Clark RD, Canive JM, Calais LA et al. Divalproex in posttraumatic stress disorder: an open-label clinical trial. J Trauma Stress 1999; 12 (2):395-401.

Classen C, Koopman C, Hales R et al. Acute stress disorder as a predictor of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155 (5):620-4.

Cochrane. Cochrane Reviews. Available at http://www.update-software.com/cochrane 2000-2003.

Cohen H, Kotler M, Matar M et al. Normalization of heart rate variability in post-traumatic stress disorder patients following fluoxetine treatment: preliminary results. Isr Med Assoc J 2000; 2 (4):296-301.

Comer AM, Figgitt DP. Sertraline: a review of its therapeutic use in post-traumatic stress disorde. CNS Drugs 2000; 14 (5):391-407.

Conlon L, Fahy TJ, Conroy R. PTSD in ambulant RTA victims: a randomized controlled trial of debriefing. J Psychosom Res 1999; 46 (1):37-44.

Connor KM, Davidson JR, Hughes DC et al. The impact of borderline personality disorder on post-traumatic stress in the community: a study of health status, health utilization, and functioning. Compr Psychiatry 2002; 43 (1):41-8.

Connor KM, Davidson JR, Weisler RH et al. A pilot study of mirtazapine in post-traumatic stress disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1999; 14 (1):29-31.

Connor KM, Hidalgo RB, Crockett B et al. Predictors of treatment response in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2001; 25 (2):337-45.

Connor KM, Sutherland SM, Tupler LA et al. Fluoxetine in post-traumatic stress disorder. Randomised, double-blind study. Br J Psychiatry 1999; 175:17-22.

Cooper NA, Clum GA. Imaginal flooding as a supplementary treatment for PTSD in combat veterans: a controlled study. Behavioral Therapy 1989; 20:381-91.

Courtois CA. Recollections of sexual abuse: treatment principles and guidelines. New York: Norton; 1999.

Creamer M, Morris P, Biddle D et al. Treatment outcome in Australian veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: a cause for cautious optimism? J Trauma Stress 1999; 12 (4):545-58.

Crum RM, Anthony JC, Bassett SS et al. Population-based norms for the Mini-Mental State Examination by age and educational level. Jama 1993; 269 (18):2386-91.

Cummings JL. Mini-Mental State Examination. Norms, normals, and numbers. Jama 1993; 269 (18):2420-1.

Cusack K, Spates CR. The cognitive dismantling of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). J Anxiety Disord 1999; 13 (1-2):87-99.

Daly E, Wulff J. Treatment of a post-traumatic headache. Br J Med Psychol 1987; 60 ( Pt 1):85-8.

Dansky BS, Roitzsch JC, Brady KT et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder and substance abuse: use of research in a clinical setting. J Trauma Stress 1997; 10 (1):141-8.

Davidson J, Kudler H, Smith R et al. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with amitriptyline and placebo. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47 (3):259-66.

Davidson J, Pearlstein T, Londborg P et al. Efficacy of sertraline in preventing relapse of posttraumatic stress disorder: results of a 28-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158 (12):1974-81.

Davidson J, Pearlstein T, Londborg P et al. Efficacy of sertraline in preventing relapse of posttraumatic stress disorder: results of a 28-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 2001a; 158 (12):1974-81.

Davidson JR, Hughes D, Blazer DG et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: an epidemiological study. Psychol Med 1991; 21 (3):713-21.

Davidson JR, Kudler HS, Saunders WB et al. Predicting response to amitriptyline in posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150 (7):1024-9.

Davidson JR, Landerman LR, Farfel GM et al. Characterizing the effects of sertraline in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychol Med 2002; 32 (4):661-70.

Davidson JR, Rothbaum BO, van der Kolk BA et al. Multicenter, double-blind comparison of sertraline and placebo in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58 (5):485-92.

Davidson JR, Rothbaum BO, van der Kolk BA et al. Multicenter, double-blind comparison of sertraline and placebo in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001b; 58 (5):485-92.

Davidson JR, Tharwani HM, Connor KM. Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS): normative scores in the general population and effect sizes in placebo-controlled SSRI trials. Depress Anxiety 2002; 15 (2):75-8.

Davidson PR, Parker KC. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): a meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol 2001; 69 (2):305-16.

Davis LL, Nugent AL, Murray J et al. Nefazodone treatment for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: an open trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20 (2):159-64.

De Wind E. Some implications of former massive traumatization upon the actual analytic process. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 1984; 65:273-81.

Deahl M. Psychological debriefing: controversy and challenge. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2000; 34 (6):929-39.

Deahl M, Srinivasan M, Jones N et al. Preventing psychological trauma in soldiers: the role of operational stress training and psychological debriefing. Br J Med Psychol 2000; 73 ( Pt 1):77-85.

Deahl MP, Srinivasan M, Jones N et al. Evaluating psychological debriefing: are we measuring the right outcomes? J Trauma Stress 2001; 14 (3):527-9.

Devilly GJ, Spence SH. The relative efficacy and treatment distress of EMDR and a cognitive-behavior trauma treatment protocol in the amelioration of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Anxiety Disord 1999; 13 (1-2):131-57.

Dieperink ME, Drogemuller L. Zolpidem for insomnia related to PTSD. Psychiatr Serv 1999; 50 (3):421.

Dilk MN, Bond GR. Meta-analytic evaluation of skills training research for individuals with severe mental illness. J Consult Clin Psychol 1996; 64 (6):1337-46.

Dillard ML, Bendfeldt F, Jernigan P. Use of thioridazine in post-traumatic stress disorder. South Med J 1993; 86 (11):1276-8.

DiMascio A, Weissman MM, Prusoff BA et al. Differential symptom reduction by drugs and psychotherapy in acute depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979; 36 (13):1450-6.

Donovan B, Padin-Rivera E, Kowaliw S. "Transcend": initial outcomes from a posttraumatic stress disorder/substance abuse treatment program. J Trauma Stress 2001; 14 (4):757-72.

Dougall AL, Herberman HB, Delahanty DL et al. Similarity of prior trauma exposure as a determinant of chronic stress responding to an airline disaster. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000; 68 (2):290-5.

Dow B, Kline N. Antidepressant treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression in veterans. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1997; 9 (1):1-5.

Drake RE, McHugo GJ, Becker DR et al. The New Hampshire study of supported employment for people with severe mental illness. J Consult Clin Psychol 1996; 64 (2):391-9.

Duffy JD, Malloy PF. Efficacy of buspirone in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: an open trial. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1994; 6 (1):33-7.

Eichelman B. Hypnotic change in combat dreams of two veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142 (1):112-4.

Eidelman I, Seedat S, Stein DJ. Risperidone in the treatment of acute stress disorder in physically traumatized in-patients. Depress Anxiety 2000; 11 (4):187-8.

Escalona R, Canive JM, Calais LA et al. Fluvoxamine treatment in veterans with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Depress Anxiety 2002; 15 (1):29-33.

Evans K, Tyrer P, Catalan J et al. Manual-assisted cognitive-behaviour therapy (MACT): a randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention with bibliotherapy in the treatment of recurrent deliberate self-harm. Psychol Med 1999; 29 (1):19-25.

Everly GS, Jr. "Pastoral crisis intervention": toward a definition. Int J Emerg Ment Health 2000a; 2 (2):69-71.

Everly GS, Jr. The role of pastoral crisis intervention in disasters, terrorism, violence, and other community crises. Int J Emerg Ment Health 2000b; 2 (3):139-42.

Everly GS, Boyle SH, Lating JM. The effectiveness of psychological debriefing with vicarious trauma: a meta-analysis. Stress Medicine 1999; 15 (4):229-33.

Falsetti SA, Resnick HS, Davis JL et al. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with comorbid panic attacks: combining cognitive processing therapy with panic control treatment techniques. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice 2001; 5 (4):252-60.

Farrell KR, Ganzini L. Misdiagnosing delirium as depression in medically ill elderly patients. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155 (22):2459-64.

Fauerbach JA, Lawrence JW, Schmidt CW, Jr. et al. Personality predictors of injury-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 2000; 188 (8):510-7.

Feehan M, Nada-Raja S, Martin JA et al. The prevalence and correlates of psychological distress following physical and sexual assault in a young adult cohort. Violence Vict 2001; 16 (1):49-63.

Ferrada-Noli M, Asberg M, Ormstad K et al. Suicidal behavior after severe trauma. Part 1: PTSD diagnoses, psychiatric comorbidity, and assessments of suicidal behavior. J Trauma Stress 1998; 11 (1):103-12.

Fesler FA. Valproate in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1991; 52 (9):361-4.

Finestone DH, Manly DT. Dissociation precipitated by propranolol. Psychosomatics 1994; 35 (1):83-7.

Finnsdottir T, Elklit A. Posttraumatic sequelae in a community hit by an avalanche. J Trauma Stress 2002; 15 (6):479-85.

Foa EB. Psychosocial treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61 Suppl 5:43-8; discussion 9-51.

Foa EB, Dancu CV, Hembree EA et al. A comparison of exposure therapy, stress inoculation training, and their combination for reducing posttraumatic stress disorder in female assault victims. J Consult Clin Psychol 1999; 67 (2):194-200.

Foa EB, Davidson JRT, Frances A. The Expert Consensus Guideline Series: Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60 (Suppl 16).

Foa EB, Keane TM, Friedman MJ. Effective Treatments for PTSD: Practice Guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2000.

Foa EB, Keane TM, Friedman MJ. Introduction. In: EB Foa; TM Keane; MJ Friedman, editors, translator and editor Effective Treatments for PTSD: Practice Guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. New York: The Guilford Press; 2000; p. 1-17.

Foa EB, Meadows EA. Psychosocial treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: a critical review. Annu Rev Psychol 1997; 48:449-80.

Foa EB, Riggs DS, Massie ED et al. The impact of fear activation and anger on the efficacy of exposure treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Behavior Therapy 1995; 26:487-99.

Foa EB, Rothbaum BO, Riggs DS et al. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in rape victims: a comparison between cognitive-behavioral procedures and counseling. J Consult Clin Psychol 1991; 59 (5):715-23.

Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975; 12 (3):189-98.

Forbes D, Phelps A, McHugh T. Treatment of combat-related nightmares using imagery rehearsal: a pilot study. J Trauma Stress 2001; 14 (2):433-42.

Ford N. The use of anticonvulsants in posttraumatic stress disorder: case study and overview. J Trauma Stress 1996; 9 (4):857-63.

Fossey MD, Hamner MB. Clonazepam-related sexual dysfunction in male veterans with PTSD. Anxiety 1994; 1 (5):233-6.

Foy DW, Glynn SM, Schnurr PP et al. Chapter 8: Group Therapy. In: EB Foa; TM Keane; MJ Friedman, editors, translator and editor Effective Treatments for PTSD: Practice Guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. New York: The Guilford Press; 2000; p. 155-75.

Foy DW, Sipprelle RC, Rueger DB et al. Etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans: analysis of premilitary, military, and combat exposure influences. J Consult Clin Psychol 1984; 52 (1):79-87.

Freeman A, Datillo F, editors. Comprehensive casebook of cognitive therapy New York: Plenum Press; 1992.

Freeman A, Simon K, Beutler L et al., editors. Comprehensive handbook of cognitive therapy New York: Plenum Press; 1989.

Frommberger U, Nyberg E, Richter H et al. Paroxetine vs. cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of depression in PTSD-patients. In XXIst Collegium Internationale Neuro-psychopharmacologicum. 12th-16th July, 1998. Glasgow, Scotland; 1998.

Frueh BC, Brady KL, de Arellano MA. Racial differences in combat-related PTSD: empirical findings and conceptual issues. Clin Psychol Rev 1998; 18 (3):287-305.

Frueh BC, Gold PB, de Arellano MA et al. A racial comparison of combat veterans evaluated for PTSD. J Pers Assess 1997; 68 (3):692-702.

Frueh BC, Smith DW, Libet JM. Racial differences on psychological measures in combat veterans seeking treatment for PTSD. J Pers Assess 1996; 66 (1):41-53.

Fullerton CS, McCarroll JE, Ursano RJ et al. Psychological responses of rescue workers: fire fighters and trauma. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1992; 62 (3):371-8.

Garfield DA, Fichtner CG, Leveroni C et al. Open trial of nefazodone for combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress 2001; 14 (3):453-60.

Gebhart RJ, Neeley FL. Primary care and PTSD. NCP Quarterly 1996; 6 (4):Fall.

Gelpin E, Bonne O, Peri T et al. Treatment of recent trauma survivors with benzodiazepines: a prospective study. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57 (9):390-4.

Gentilello LM, Rivara FP, Donovan DM et al. Alcohol interventions in a trauma center as a means of reducing the risk of injury recurrence. Ann Surg 1999; 230 (4):473-80; discussion 80-3.

Gershuny BS, Baer L, Jenike MA et al. Comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder: impact on treatment outcome for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159 (5):852-4.

Gersons BP, Carlier IV, Lamberts RD et al. Randomized clinical trial of brief eclectic psychotherapy for police officers with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress 2000; 13 (2):333-47.

Giller E, Vermilyea E. FDA Advisory Statement on PTSD. Available at http://www.sidran.org 1995-2002.

Gillin JC, Smith-Vaniz A, Schnierow B et al. An open-label, 12-week clinical and sleep EEG study of nefazodone in chronic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62 (10):789-96.

Gist R, Lubin B, editors. Reponse to disaster: psychosocial, community, and ecological approaches Philadelphia, PA: Brunner/Mazel; 1999.

Glynn SM, Eth S, Randolph ET et al. A test of behavioral family therapy to augment exposure for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 1999; 67 (2):243-51.

Goldfinger SM, Schutt RK, Tolomiczenko GS et al. Housing persons who are homeless and mentally ill: independent living or evolving consumer households? In: WR Breakey; JW Thompson, editors, translator and editor Mentally ill and homeless special programs for special needs. Amsterdam: Harwood; 1997; p. 29-49.

Gould MS, Greenberg T, Velting DM et al. Youth Suicide Risk and Preventive Interventions: A Review of the Past 10 Years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003; 42 (4):386-405.

Green BL, Goodman LA, Krupnick JL et al. Outcomes of single versus multiple trauma exposure in a screening sample. J Trauma Stress 2000; 13 (2):271-86.

Gregurek R, Pavic L, Vuger-Kovacic H et al. Increase of frequency of post-traumatic stress disorder in disabled war veterans during prolonged stay in a rehabilitation hospital. Croat Med J 2001; 42 (2):161-4.

Gresham GE, Duncan PW, Season WB et al. Post-Stroke Rehabilitation (Clinical Practice Guideline, no. 16). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 1995.

Grigsby JP. The use of imagery in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 1987; 175 (1):55-9.

Grinker R, Spiegel J. Men under stress. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1945.

Gurvits TV, Gilbertson MW, Lasko NB et al. Neurologic soft signs in chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57 (2):181-6.

Guthrie R, Bryant R. Attempting suppression of traumatic memories over extended periods in acute stress disorder. Behav Res Ther 2000; 38 (9):899-907.

Haddad PM, Anderson IM. Antipsychotic-related QTc prolongation, torsade de pointes and sudden death. Drugs 2002; 62 (11):1649-71.

Halford WK, Harrison C, Kalyansundaram et al. Preliminary results from a psychoeducational program to rehabilitate chronic patients. Psychiatr Serv 1995; 46 (11):1189-91.

Halligan S, Yehuda R. Cognitive and biologic components involved in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder. TEN 2001; 3 (10):51-8.

Halligan SL, Yehuda R. Risk factors for PTSD. PTSD Research Quarterly 2000; 11 (3):1-7.

Hamner MB. Clozapine treatment for a veteran with comorbid psychosis and PTSD. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153 (6):841.

Hamner MB, Brodrick PS, Labbate LA. Gabapentin in PTSD: a retrospective, clinical series of adjunctive therapy. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2001; 13 (3):141-6.

Hamner MB, Deitsch SE, Brodrick PS et al. Quetiapine treatment in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: an open trial of adjunctive therapy. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003; 23 (1):15-20.

Hamner MB, Faldowski RA, Ulmer HG et al. Adjunctive risperidone treatment in post-traumatic stress disorder: a preliminary controlled trial of effects on comorbid psychotic symptoms. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2003; 18 (1):1-8.

Hamner MB, Frueh BC. Response to venlafaxine in a previously antidepressant treatment-resistant combat veteran with post-traumatic stress disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1998; 13 (5):233-4.

Hamner MB, Frueh BC, Ulmer HG et al. Psychotic features and illness severity in combat veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45 (7):846-52.

Hamner MB, Frueh BC, Ulmer HG et al. Psychotic features in chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and schizophrenia: comparative severity. J Nerv Ment Dis 2000; 188 (4):217-21.

Harris RP, Helfand M, Woolf SH et al. Current methods of the US Preventive Services Task Force: a review of the process. Am J Prev Med 2001; 20 (3 Suppl):21-35.

Harvey AG, Bryant RA. The relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: a 2-year prospective evaluation. J Consult Clin Psychol 1999; 67 (6):985-8.

Harvey AG, Bryant RA. Two-year prospective evaluation of the relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder following mild traumatic brain injury. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157 (4):626-8.

Hastings TL, Kelley ML. Development and validation of the Screen for Adolescent Violence Exposure (SAVE). J Abnorm Child Psychol 1997; 25 (6):511-20.

Hawton K, Townsend E, Arensman E et al. Psychosocial versus pharmacological treatments for deliberate self harm. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000 (2):CD001764.

Hembree EA, Foa EB. Posttraumatic stress disorder: psychological factors and psychosocial interventions. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61 Suppl 7:33-9.

Hendin H, Haas AP. Suicide and guilt as manifestations of PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148 (5):586-91.

Hertzberg MA, Butterfield MI, Feldman ME et al. A preliminary study of lamotrigine for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45 (9):1226-9.

Hertzberg MA, Feldman ME, Beckham JC et al. Trial of trazodone for posttraumatic stress disorder using a multiple baseline group design. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 16 (4):294-8.

Hertzberg MA, Feldman ME, Beckham JC et al. Lack of efficacy for fluoxetine in PTSD: a placebo controlled trial in combat veterans. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2000; 12 (2):101-5.

Hertzberg MA, Feldman ME, Beckham JC et al. Open trial of nefazodone for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59 (9):460-4.

Hertzberg MA, Moore SD, Feldman ME et al. A preliminary study of bupropion sustained-release for smoking cessation in patients with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 21 (1):94-8.

Hickling EJ, Blanchard EB. The private practice psychologist and manual-based treatments: post-traumatic stress disorder secondary to motor vehicle accidents. Behav Res Ther 1997; 35 (3):191-203.

Hidalgo R, Hertzberg MA, Mellman T et al. Nefazodone in post-traumatic stress disorder: results from six open-label trials. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1999; 14 (2):61-8.

Hobbs M, Mayou R, Harrison B et al. A randomised controlled trial of psychological debriefing for victims of road traffic accidents. Bmj 1996; 313 (7070):1438-9.

Horowitz MJ. Stress response syndromes. 3rd ed. Northvale, NJ: Aronson; 1997.

Humphreys J, Lee K, Neylan T et al. Psychological and physical distress of sheltered battered women. Health Care Women Int 2001; 22 (4):401-14.

Hunter R, editor Dictionary of pastoral care and counseling Nashville: Abington Press; 1996.

Hutton HE, Treisman GJ, Hunt WR et al. HIV risk behaviors and their relationship to posttraumatic stress disorder among women prisoners. Psychiatr Serv 2001; 52 (4):508-13.

Ironson G, Freund B, Strauss JL et al. Comparison of two treatments for traumatic stress: a community-based study of EMDR and prolonged exposure. J Clin Psychol 2002; 58 (1):113-28.

Irving P, Long A. Critical incident stress debriefing following traumatic life experiences. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2001; 8 (4):307-14.

Janoff-Bulman R. Characterological versus behavioral self-blame: inquiries into depression and rape. J Pers Soc Psychol 1979; 37 (10):1798-809.

Jenkins MA, Langlais PJ, Delis D et al. Learning and memory in rape victims with posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155 (2):278-9.

Jiranek D. Use of hypnosis in pain management in post-traumatic stress disorder. Australian J Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 1993; 21 (1):75-84.

Johnson DR, Lubin H. Effect of brief versus long-term inpatient treatment on homecoming stress in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: three-year follow-up. J Nerv Ment Dis 2002; 190 (1):47-51.

Jones DR. The Macy reports: Combat fatigue in World War II fliers. Aviat Space Environ Med 1987; 58 (8):807-11.

Jones E, Vermaas RH, McCartney H et al. Flashbacks and post-traumatic stress disorder: the genesis of a 20th-century diagnosis. Br J Psychiatry 2003; 182:158-63.

Kardiner A. The traumatic neuroses of war. New York: Paul B. Hoeber; 1941.

Kaslow N, Thompson M, Meadows L et al. Risk factors for suicide attempts among African American women. Depress Anxiety 2000; 12 (1):13-20.

Katz RJ, Lott MH, Arbus P et al. Pharmacotherapy of post-traumatic stress disorder with a novel psychotropic. Anxiety 1994; 1 (4):169-74.

Kaufman J, Charney D. Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety 2000; 12 Suppl 1:69-76.

Kavanaugh DJ, Freese S, Andrade J et al. Effects of visuospatial tasks on desensitization to emotive memories. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 2001; 40:267-80.

Keane TM, Fairbank JA, Caddell JM et al. Implosive (flooding) therapy reduces symptoms of PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans. Behav Ther 1989; 20:245-60.

Keane TM, Weathers FW, Foa EB. Chapter 2: Diagnosis and Assessment. In: EB Foa; TM Keane; MJ Friedman, editors, translator and editor Effective Treatments for PTSD: Practice Guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. New York: The Guilford Press; 2000; p. 18-36.

Kelcourse F. The development of discernment in psychotherapy and Quaker worship. J Am Acad Psychoanal 2000; 28 (1):83-100.

Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52 (12):1048-60.

Khouzam HR, Donnelly NJ. Posttraumatic stress disorder. Safe, effective management in the primary care setting. Postgrad Med 2001; 110 (5):60-2, 7-70, 7-8.

Khouzam HR, el-Gabalawi F, Donnelly NJ. The clinical experience of citalopram in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a report of two Persian Gulf War veterans. Mil Med 2001; 166 (10):921-3.

Kilpatrick D, Tidwell R. Victims' rights and services in South Carolina: the dream, the law, the reality. Charleston, SC: Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina; 1989.

Kilpatrick DG, Veronen LJ, Resick PA. Psychological sequelae to rape: assessment and treatment strategies. In: DM Dolays; RL Meredith, editors, translator and editor Behavioral medicine: assessment and treatment strategies. New York: Plenum Press; 1982; p. 473-97.

King DW, King LA, Foy DW et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder in a national sample of female and male Vietnam veterans: risk factors, war-zone stressors, and resilience-recovery variables. J Abnorm Psychol 1999; 108 (1):164-70.

King LA, King DW, Fairbank JA et al. Resilience-recovery factors in post-traumatic stress disorder among female and male Vietnam veterans: hardiness, postwar social support, and additional stressful life events. J Pers Soc Psychol 1998; 74 (2):420-34.

Kingsbury SJ. Brief hypnotic treatment of repetitive nightmares. Am J Clin Hypn 1993; 35 (3):161-9.

Kinzie JD, Goetz RR. A century of controversy surrounding posttraumatic stress stress-spectrum syndromes: the impact on DSM-III and DSM-IV. J Trauma Stress 1996; 9 (2):159-79.

Kinzie JD, Leung P. Clonidine in Cambodian patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 1989; 177 (9):546-50.

Kirsch I. APA definition and description of hypnosis: defining hypnosis for the public. Contemporary Hypnosis 1994; 11:142-43.

Kirsch I. Hypnotic enhancement of cognitive-behavioral weight loss treatments--another meta-reanalysis. J Consult Clin Psychol 1996; 64 (3):517-9.

Kirsch I, Capafons A, Cardena E et al. Clinical hypnosis and self-regulation therapy: an introduction. In: A Kirsc; E Capafons; E Cardena et al., editors, translator and editor Clinical hynosis and self-regulation therapy: a cognitive-behavioral perspective. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1999.

Kirsch I, Montgomery G, Sapirstein G. Hypnosis as an adjunct to cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy: a meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995; 63 (2):214-20.

Koerner K, Linehan MM. Research on dialectical behavior therapy for patients with borderline personality disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2000; 23 (1):151-67.

Koopman C, Classen C, Spiegel D. Predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms among survivors of the Oakland/Berkeley, Calif., firestorm. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151 (6):888-94.

Koren D, Arnon I, Klein E. Acute stress response and posttraumatic stress disorder in traffic accident victims: a one-year prospective, follow-up study. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156 (3):367-73.

Kosten TR, Fontana A, Sernyak MJ et al. Benzodiazepine use in posttraumatic stress disorder among veterans with substance abuse. J Nerv Ment Dis 2000; 188 (7):454-9.

Kosten TR, Frank JB, Dan E et al. Pharmacotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder using phenelzine or imipramine. J Nerv Ment Dis 1991; 179 (6):366-70.

Kosten TR, Krystal J. Biological mechanisms in posttraumatic stress disorder: relevance for substance abuse. In: M Galanter, editor, translator and editor Recent developments in alcoholism. Vol. 6. New York; 1988.

Kotler M, Iancu I, Efroni R et al. Anger, impulsivity, social support, and suicide risk in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 2001; 189 (3):162-7.

Krakow B, Hollifield M, Johnston L et al. Imagery rehearsal therapy for chronic nightmares in sexual assault survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Jama 2001; 286 (5):537-45.

Krakow B, Hollifield M, Johnston L et al. Imagery rehearsal therapy for chronic nightmares in sexual assault survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Jama 2001a; 286 (5):537-45.

Krakow B, Hollifield M, Schrader R et al. A controlled study of imagery rehearsal for chronic nightmares in sexual assault survivors with PTSD: a preliminary report. J Trauma Stress 2000; 13 (4):589-609.

Krakow B, Johnston L, Melendrez D et al. An open-label trial of evidence-based cognitive behavior therapy for nightmares and insomnia in crime victims with PTSD. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158 (12):2043-7.

Krakow B, Kellner R, Pathak D et al. Imagery rehearsal treatment for chronic nightmares. Behav Res Ther 1995; 33 (7):837-43.

Krakow B, Sandoval D, Schrader R et al. Treatment of chronic nightmares in adjudicated adolescent girls in a residential facility. J Adolesc Health 2001b; 29 (2):94-100.

Kramer TL, Lindy JD, Green BL et al. The comorbidity of post-traumatic stress disorder and suicidality in Vietnam veterans. Suicide Life Threat Behav 1994; 24 (1):58-67.

Krashin D, Oates EW. Risperidone as an adjunct therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder. Mil Med 1999; 164 (8):605-6.

Krystal H, editor Massive psychic trauma New York: International Universities Press; 1968.

Kudler HS, Blank AS, Krupnick JL. Chapter 9: Psychodynamic Therapy. In: EB Foa; TM Keane; MJ Friedman, editors, translator and editor Effective Treatments for PTSD: Practice Guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. New York: The Guilford Press; 2000; p. 176-98.

Kuiken D, Bears M, Miall D et al. Eye movement desensitization reprocessing facilitates attentional orienting. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality 2001-2002; 21 (1):3-20.

Labbate LA, Douglas S. Olanzapine for nightmares and sleep disturbance in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Can J Psychiatry 2000; 45 (7):667-8.

Lagomasino I, Daly R, Stoudemire A. Medical assessment of patients presenting with psychiatric symptoms in the emergency setting. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1999; 22 (4):819-50, viii-ix.

Lange JT, Lange CL, Cabaltica RB. Primary care treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Am Fam Physician 2000; 62 (5):1035-40, 46.

Lavie P. Sleep disturbances in the wake of traumatic events. N Engl J Med 2001; 345 (25):1825-32.

Lazrove S, Triffleman E, Kite L et al. An open trial of EMDR as treatment for chronic PTSD. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1998; 68 (4):601-8.

Leber K, Malek A, D'Agostino A et al. A veteran with acute mental changes years after combat. Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 1999; 34 (6):21-2.

Lee C, Gavriel H, Drummond P et al. Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: A comparison of stress inoculation training with prolonged exposure and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing. Journal of Clinical Psychology 2002; 58:1071-89.

Lee E, editor Working with Asian Americans: a guide for clinicians New York: Guilford Press; 1997.

Lehman AF. Vocational rehabilitation in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1995; 21 (4):645-56.

Leskin GA, Kaloupek DG, Keane TM. Treatment for traumatic memories: review and recommendations. Clin Psychol Rev 1998; 18 (8):983-1001.

Leskin GA, Westrup D. PTSD brief screen. Post traumatic stress disorder implications for primary care 1999.Department of Defense/EES, March 2002.

Levitt EE. Hypnosis in the treatment of obesity. In: SJ Lynn; JW Thue; I Kirsch, editors, translator and editor Handbook of clinical hypnosis. Washington D. C.: American Psychological Association; 1994; p. 533-53.

Leyba CM, Wampler TP. Risperidone in PTSD. Psychiatr Serv 1998; 49 (2):245-6.

Lindy J. Psychoanalytic psychotherapy of post-traumatic stress disorder. In: B van der Kolk; AC McFarlane; L Weisaeth, editors, translator and editor Traumatic stress: the effects of overwhelming experiences on mind, body and society. New York: Guilford Press; 1996; p. 525-36.

Linehan MM, Heard HL, Armstrong HE. Naturalistic follow-up of a behavioral treatment for chronically parasuicidal borderline patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50 (12):971-4.

Litz B, Gray M, Bryant R et al. Early Intervention for Trauma: Current Status and Future Directions: A National Center for PTSD Fact Sheet. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice in press.

Londborg PD, Hegel MT, Goldstein S et al. Sertraline treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: results of 24 weeks of open-label continuation treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62 (5):325-31.

Lovell K, Marks IM, Noshirvani H et al. Do cognitive and exposure treatments improve various PTSD symptoms differently? A randomized controlled trial. Behav and Cognitive Psychotherapy 2001; 29 (1):107-12.

Lubin H, Loris M, Burt J et al. Efficacy of Psychoeducational Group Therapy in reducing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among multiply traumatized women. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155 (9):1172-7.

Lysaker P, Bell M, Milstein R et al. Work capacity in schizophrenia. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1993; 44 (3):278-80.

Lystad M, editor Mental health response to mass emergencies New York: Brunner/Mazel; 1988.

Macklin ML, Metzger LJ, Lasko NB et al. Five-year follow-up study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2000; 41 (1):24-7.

Macklin ML, Metzger LJ, Litz BT et al. Lower precombat intelligence is a risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 1998; 66 (2):323-6.

Maes M, Mylle J, Delmeire L et al. Pre- and post-disaster negative life events in relation to the incidence and severity of post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Res 2001; 105 (1-2):1-12.

Malik ML, Connor KM, Sutherland SM et al. Quality of life and posttraumatic stress disorder: a pilot study assessing changes in SF-36 scores before and after treatment in a placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine. J Trauma Stress 1999; 12 (2):387-93.

Marks I, Lovell K, Noshirvani H et al. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder by exposure and/or cognitive restructuring: a controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55 (4):317-25.

Marmar CR, Weiss DS, Metzler TJ et al. Longitudinal course and predictors of continuing distress following critical incident exposure in emergency services personnel. J Nerv Ment Dis 1999; 187 (1):15-22.

Marmar CR, Weiss DS, Schlenger WE et al. Peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress in male Vietnam theater veterans. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151 (6):902-7.

Marshall RD, Beebe KL, Oldham M et al. Efficacy and safety of paroxetine treatment for chronic PTSD: a fixed-dose, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158 (12):1982-8.

Marshall RD, Cloitre M. Maximizing treatment outcome in post-traumatic stress disorder by combining psychotherapy with pharmacotherapy. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2000; 2 (4):335-40.

Marshall RD, Olfson M, Hellman F et al. Comorbidity, impairment, and suicidality in subthreshold PTSD. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158 (9):1467-73.

Martenyi F, Brown EB, Zhang H et al. Fluoxetine v. placebo in prevention of relapse in post-traumatic stress disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2002; 181:315-20.

Martenyi F, Brown EB, Zhang H et al. Fluoxetine versus placebo in posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63 (3):199-206.

Maxfield L, Hyer L. The relationship between efficacy and methodology in studies investigating EMDR treatment of PTSD. J Clin Psychol 2002; 58 (1):23-41.

Mayou RA, Ehlers A, Hobbs M. Psychological debriefing for road traffic accident victims. Three-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2000; 176:589-93.

McBride JL. Spiritual component of patients who experience psychological trauma: family physician intervention. J Am Board Fam Pract 2002; 15 (2):168-9.

McCarroll JE, Ursano RJ, Fullerton CS et al. Gruesomeness, emotional attachment, and personal threat: dimensions of the anticipated stress of body recovery. J Trauma Stress 1995; 8 (2):343-9.

McHorney CA, Kosinski M, Ware JE, Jr. Comparisons of the costs and quality of norms for the SF-36 health survey collected by mail versus telephone interview: results from a national survey. Med Care 1994; 32 (6):551-67.

McHorney CA, Ware JE, Jr., Lu JF et al. The MOS 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): III. Tests of data quality, scaling assumptions, and reliability across diverse patient groups. Med Care 1994; 32 (1):40-66.

Mellman TA, Byers PM, Augenstein JS. Pilot evaluation of hypnotic medication during acute traumatic stress response. J Trauma Stress 1998; 11 (3):563-9.

Mellman TA, David D, Bustamante V et al. Predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder following severe injury. Depress Anxiety 2001; 14 (4):226-31.

Meltzer-Brody S, Connor KM, Churchill E et al. Symptom-specific effects of fluoxetine in post-traumatic stress disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 15 (4):227-31.

Miller AL, Glinski J. Youth suicidal behavior: assessment and intervention. J Clin Psychol 2000; 56 (9):1131-52.

Mitchell JT. When disaster strikes...the critical incident stress debriefing process. J Emerg Med Serv JEMS 1983; 8 (1):36-9.

Monnelly EP, Ciraulo DA. Risperidone effects on irritable aggression in posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1999; 19 (4):377-8.

Muraoka M, Komiyama H, Hosoi M et al. Psychosomatic treatment of phantom limb pain with post-traumatic stress disorder: a case report. Pain 1996; 66 (2-3):385-8.

Murray J, Ehlers A, Mayou RA. Dissociation and post-traumatic stress disorder: two prospective studies of road traffic accident survivors. Br J Psychiatry 2002; 180:363-8.

Najavits LM. Seeking safety: a manual for PTSD and substance abuse. New York: The Guilford Press; 2002.

Najavits LM, Gastfriend DR, Barber JP et al. Cocaine dependence with and without PTSD among subjects in the National Institute on Drug Abuse Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155 (2):214-9.

NCPTSDI. Home Page. Available at http://www.ncptsd.org 2003.

Neal LA, Shapland W, Fox C. An open trial of moclobemide in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1997; 12 (4):231-7.

Neidhardt EJ, Krakow B, Kellner R et al. The beneficial effects of one treatment session and recording of nightmares on chronic nightmare sufferers. Sleep 1992; 15 (5):470-3.

Neria Y, Bromet EJ, Marshall R. The relationship between trauma exposure, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Psychol Med 2002; 32 (8):1479-80; author reply 80-3.

Neria Y, Bromet EJ, Sievers S et al. Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in psychosis: findings from a first-admission cohort. J Consult Clin Psychol 2002; 70 (1):246-51.

Neylan TC, Metzler TJ, Schoenfeld FB et al. Fluvoxamine and sleep disturbances in posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress 2001; 14 (3):461-7.

NIH. Integration of behavioral and relaxation approaches into the treatment of chronic pain and insomnia. NIH Technology Assessment Panel on Integration of Behavioral and Relaxation Approaches into the Treatment of Chronic Pain and Insomnia. Jama 1996; 276 (4):313-8.

NIMH. National Institutes of Mental Health brochure "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: a Real Illness"Available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/anxiety/ptsdri2.cfm, June 14, 2000.

NIMH. Fact Sheet: Reliving Trauma. NIH Publication No. 01-4597. Available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/reliving.cfm. [Web page] 2001.

NIMH. Mental Health and Mass Violence: Evidence-Based Early Psychological Intervention for Victims/Survivors of Mass Violence. Washington, D.C.: NIMH - National Institute of Mental Health. U.S. Government Printing Office, NIH Publication No. 02-5138. Available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/research/massviolence.pdf.

Nishith P, Mechanic MB, Resick PA. Prior interpersonal trauma: the contribution to current PTSD symptoms in female rape victims. J Abnorm Psychol 2000; 109 (1):20-5.

Nixon SJ, Schorr J, Boudreaux A et al. Perceived effects and recovery in Oklahoma City firefighters. J Okla State Med Assoc 1999; 92 (4):172-7.

Norris FH, Friedman MJ, Watson PJ et al. 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part I. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981-2001. Psychiatry 2002; 65 (3):207-39.

Norris FH, Uhl GA. Chronic stress as a mediator of acute stress: the case of Hurricane Hugo. Journal of Applied Psychology 1993; 23 (16):1263-84.

NVVRS. NVVRS - National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Survey. Available at http://www.ncptsd.org/ National Center for PTSD.

Ogden CJ, Kaminer D, Van Kradenburg J et al. Narrative themes in responses to trauma in a religious community. Cent Afr J Med 2000; 46 (7):178-84.

Ortega AN, Rosenheck R. Posttraumatic stress disorder among Hispanic Vietnam veterans. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157 (4):615-9.

Ouimette P, Humphreys K, Moos RH et al. Self-help group participation among substance use disorder patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Subst Abuse Treat 2001; 20 (1):25-32.

Ouimette PC, Ahrens C, Moos RH et al. During treatment changes in substance abuse patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. The influence of specific interventions and program environments. J Subst Abuse Treat 1998; 15 (6):555-64.

Ouimette PC, Finney JW, Moos RH. Two year posttreatment functioning and coping of patients with substance abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder (cited in Ouimette, Brown, & Najavits, 1998) Unpublished.

Ouimette PC, Moos RH, Finney JW. Two-year mental health service use and course of remission in patients with substance use and posttraumatic stress disorders. J Stud Alcohol 2000; 61 (2):247-53.

Ouimette PC, Wolfe J, Chrestman KR. Characteristics of posttraumatic stress disorder-alcohol abuse comorbidity in women. J Subst Abuse 1996; 8 (3):335-46.

Overcash WS, Calhoun LG, Cann A et al. Coping with crises: an examination of the impact of traumatic events on religious beliefs. J Genet Psychol 1996; 157 (4):455-64.

Ozer EJ, Best SR, Lipsey TL et al. Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 2003; 129 (1):52-73.

Pantalon MV, Motta RW. Effectiveness of anxiety management training in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: a preliminary report. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1998; 29 (1):21-9.

Parry-Jones B, Parry-Jones WL. Post-traumatic stress disorder: supportive evidence from an eighteenth century natural disaster. Psychol Med 1994; 24 (1):15-27.

Paunovic N, Ost LG. Cognitive-behavior therapy vs exposure therapy in the treatment of PTSD in refugees. Behav Res Ther 2001; 39 (10):1183-97.

Pearlman LA, Saakvitne KW. Trauma and the therapist: countertransference and vicarious traumatization in psychotherapy with incest survivors. New York: Norton; 1995.

Penk WE, Robinowitz R, Black J et al. Ethnicity: post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) differences among black, white, and Hispanic veterans who differ in degrees of exposure to combat in Vietnam. J Clin Psychol 1989; 45 (5):729-35.

Petty F, Brannan S, Casada J et al. Olanzapine treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder: an open-label study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 16 (6):331-7.

Phaneuf G, Tonmyr L. National incidence study of child abuse and neglect. Cmaj 1998; 159 (5):446.

Pitman RK, Sanders KM, Zusman RM et al. Pilot study of secondary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder with propranolol. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 51 (2):189-92.

Power KG, McGoldrick T, Brown K et al. A controlled comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing versus exposure plus cognitive restructuring, versus waiting list in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 2002; 9 (.):299-318.

Prigerson HG, Slimack MJ. Gender differences in clinical correlates of suicidality among young adults. J Nerv Ment Dis 1999; 187 (1):23-31.

Prins A, Kimerling R, Cameron R et al. The primary care PTSD screen (PC-PTSD). In 15th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Tramatic Studies. Miami, FL; 1999.

Prior TI. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with olanzapine. Can J Psychiatry 2001; 46 (2):182.

Rapaport MH, Endicott J, Clary CM. Posttraumatic stress disorder and quality of life: results across 64 weeks of sertraline treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63 (1):59-65.

Raphael B. When disaster strikes: how individuals and communities cope with catastrophe. New York: Basic Books; 1986.

Raphael B, Newman L. Disaster Mental Health Response Handbook: An educational resource for mental health professionals involved in disaster management. Sydney: New South Wales Institute of Psychiatry and Centre for Mental Health. State Health Publication No: (CMH) 00145; 2000.

Raphael B, Wilson J, editors. Psychological debriefing New York: Cambridge University Press; 2000.

Raskind MA, Dobie DJ, Kanter ED et al. The alpha1-adrenergic antagonist prazosin ameliorates combat trauma nightmares in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: a report of 4 cases. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61 (2):129-33.

Raskind MA, Peskind ER, Kanter ED et al. Reduction of nightmares and other PTSD symptoms in combat veterans by prazosin: a placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160 (2):371-3.

Raskind MA, Thompson C, Petrie EC et al. Prazosin reduces nightmares in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63 (7):565-8.

Reeler AP, Mbape PT. A pilot study of a brief form of psychotherapy for survivors of torture. Torture 1998; 8 (4):120-5.

Reist C, Duffy JG, Fujimoto K et al. beta-Adrenergic blockade and emotional memory in PTSD. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2001; 4 (4):377-83.

Reist C, Kauffmann CD, Haier RJ et al. A controlled trial of desipramine in 18 men with posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146 (4):513-6.

Resick PA, Nishith P. Two-year follow-up of a clinical trial comparing cognitive processing therapy and prolonged exposure for the treatment of PTSD. In, translator and editor Reaching undeserved trauma survivors through community-based programs: 17th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies; December 6-9, 2001; p. 54.

Resick PA, Nishith P, Weaver TL et al. A comparison of cognitive-processing therapy with prolonged exposure and a waiting condition for the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in female rape victims. J Consult Clin Psychol 2002; 70 (4):867-79.

Richards D. A field study of critical incident stress debriefing versus critical incident stress management. Journal of Mental Health 2001; 10 (3):351-62.

Richards DA, Lovell K, Marks IM. Post-traumatic stress disorder: evaluation of a behavioral treatment program. J Trauma Stress 1994; 7 (4):669-80.

Risse SC, Whitters A, Burke J et al. Severe withdrawal symptoms after discontinuation of alprazolam in eight patients with combat-induced posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 51 (5):206-9.

Rivers WHR. An address on the repression of war experience.Lancet, February 2, 1918.

Rizvi SL, Linehan MM. Dialectical behavior therapy for personality disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2001; 3 (1):64-9.

Robert R, Blakeney PE, Villarreal C et al. Imipramine treatment in pediatric burn patients with symptoms of acute stress disorder: a pilot study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999; 38 (7):873-82.

Roefaro J, Mukherjee SM. Olanzapine-lnduced hyperglycemic nonketonic coma. Ann Pharmacother 2001; 35 (3):300-2.

Rogers S, Silver SM, Goss J et al. A single session, group study of exposure and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Vietnam War veterans: preliminary data. J Anxiety Disord 1999; 13 (1-2):119-30.

Rollnick S, Heather N, Gold R et al. Development of a short 'readiness to change' questionnaire for use in brief, opportunistic interventions among excessive drinkers. Br J Addict 1992; 87 (5):743-54.

Rose D. A model for psychodynamic psychotherapy with the rape victim. Psychotherapy 1991; 28 (2):85-95.

Rose S, Bisson J. Brief early psychological interventions following trauma: a systematic review of the literature. J Trauma Stress 1998; 11 (4):697-710.

Rose S, Bisson J, Wessely S. Psychological debriefing for preventing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library 2002 (2).

Rose S, Bisson JI, Wessely S. Psychological debriefing for preventing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Oxford: Update Software 2003.

Rose S, Brewin CR, Andrews B et al. A randomized controlled trial of individual psychological debriefing for victims of violent crime. Psychol Med 1999; 29 (4):793-9.

Rosenheck R, Fontana A. Race and outcome of treatment for veterans suffering from PTSD. J Trauma Stress 1996; 9 (2):343-51.

Rosenheck R, Fontana A. Impact of efforts to reduce inpatient costs on clinical effectiveness: treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in the Department of Veterans Affairs. Med Care 2001; 39 (2):168-80.

Roszell DK, McFall ME, Malas KL. Frequency of symptoms and concurrent psychiatric disorder in Vietnam veterans with chronic PTSD. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1991; 42 (3):293-6.

Roth S, Batson R. Naming the shadows: a new approach to individual and group psychotherapy for adult survivors of childhood incest. New York: Free Press; 1997.

Roth S, Friedman M. Childhood trauma remembered: a report on the scientific knowledge base and its applications: International Society for Traumatic Stress; 1997.

Roth S, Newman E, Pelcovitz D et al. Complex PTSD in victims exposed to sexual and physical abuse: results from the DSM-IV Field Trial for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. J Trauma Stress 1997; 10 (4):539-55.

Rothbaum B. Psychosocial treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. TEN 2001; 3 (10):59-63.

Rothbaum BO, Meadows EA, Resick P. Cognitive-behavioral treatment position paper summary for the ISTSS treatment guidelines committee. J Trauma Stress 2000b; 13:558-63.

Rothbaum BO, Meadows EA, Resick P et al. Chapter 4: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. In: EB Foa; TM Keane; MJ Friedman, editors, translator and editor Effective Treatments for PTSD: Practice Guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. New York: The Guilford Press; 2000a; p. 60-83.

Safer DL, Telch CF, Agras WS. Dialectical behavior therapy for bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158 (4):632-4.

Samson AY, Bensen S, Beck A et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder in primary care. J Fam Pract 1999; 48 (3):222-7.

Sattar SP, Ucci B, Grant K et al. Quetiapine therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Ann Pharmacother 2002; 36 (12):1875-8.

Scheck MM, Schaeffer JA, Gillette C. Brief psychological intervention with traumatized young women: the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. J Trauma Stress 1998; 11 (1):25-44.

Schnurr PP. Outcome of a randomized clinical trial of group therapy for PTSD. In, translator and editor Reaching undeserved trauma survivors through community-based programs: 17th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies; December 6-9, 2001; p. 61.

Schnurr PP, Friedman MJ, Lavori PW et al. Design of Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study no. 420: group treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Control Clin Trials 2001; 22 (1):74-88.

Schnurr PP, Jankowski MK. Physical health and post-traumatic stress disorder: review and synthesis. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 1999; 4 (4):295-304.

Schuster MA, Stein BD, Jaycox L et al. A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. N Engl J Med 2001; 345 (20):1507-12.

Schutt RK, Garrett GR. Responding to the homeless: policy and practice. New York: Plenum; 1992.

Scott J, Williams J, Beck A. Cognitive therapy in clinical practice: an illustrative casebook. New York: Routledge; 1989.

Seedat S, Stein DJ. Trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder in women: a review. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 15 Suppl 3:S25-33.

Seedat S, Stein DJ, Emsley RA. Open trial of citalopram in adults with post-traumatic stress disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2000; 3 (2):135-40.

Seng JS. A conceptual framework for research on lifetime violence, posttraumatic stress, and childbearing. J Midwifery Womens Health 2002; 47 (5):337-46.

Servan-Schreiber D. Point: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Is psychiatry missing the point? Psychiatric Times 2000; 17 (7).

Shalev A. Treating survivors in the acute aftermath of traumatic events. In: R Yehuda, editor, translator and editor Treating trauma survivors with PTSD: bridging the gap between intervention research and practice. Washington, D. C.: American Psychiatric Press.

Shalev AY, Bloch M, Peri T et al. Alprazolam reduces response to loud tones in panic disorder but not in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 44 (1):64-8.

Shalev AY, Rogel-Fuchs Y. Auditory startle reflex in post-traumatic stress disorder patients treated with clonazepam. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 1992; 29 (1):1-6.

Shalev AY, Sahar T, Freedman S et al. A prospective study of heart rate response following trauma and the subsequent development of posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55 (6):553-9.

Shapiro F. Efficacy of the eye movement desensitization procedure in the treatment of traumatic memories. Journal of Traumatic Stress 1989a; 2:199-223.

Shapiro F. Eye movement desensitization: A new treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 1989b; 20:211-17.

Shapiro F. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Basic principles, protocols and procedures. 2nd Edition. New York: Guilford Press; 2001.

Sharpley CF, Montgomery IM, Scalzo LA. Comparative efficacy of EMDR and alternative procedures in reducing the vividness of mental images. Scandinavian Journal of Behaviour Therapy 1996; 25:37-42.

Shengold L. Soul murder: the effects of childhood abuse and deprivation. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; 1989.

Shepherd J, Stein K, Milne R. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a review of an emerging therapy. Psychol Med 2000; 30 (4):863-71.

Sherman JJ. Effects of psychotherapeutic treatments for PTSD: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. J Trauma Stress 1998; 11 (3):413-35.

Shestatzky M, Greenberg D, Lerer B. A controlled trial of phenelzine in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Res 1988; 24 (2):149-55.

Simon RI. Treatment boundary violations: clinical, ethical, and legal considerations. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law 1992; 20 (3):269-88.

Smajkic A, Weine S, Djuric-Bijedic Z et al. Sertraline, paroxetine, and venlafaxine in refugee posttraumatic stress disorder with depression symptoms. J Trauma Stress 2001; 14 (3):445-52.

Small R, Lumley J, Donohue L et al. Randomised controlled trial of midwife led debriefing to reduce maternal depression after operative childbirth. Bmj 2000; 321 (7268):1043-7.

Smith ML, Glass GV, Miller TI. The benefits of psychotherapy. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press; 1980.

Society for Medical Decision Making Committee (SMDMC). Proposal for clinical algorithm standards. SMDMC on Standardization of Clinical Algorithms. Med Decis Making 1992; 12 (2):149-54.

Sonawalla SB, Spillmann MK, Kolsky AR et al. Efficacy of fluvoxamine in the treatment of major depression with comorbid anxiety disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60 (9):580-3.

Spiegel D, Frischholz EJ, Fleiss JL et al. Predictors of smoking abstinence following a single-session restructuring intervention with self-hypnosis. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150 (7):1090-7.

Spiegel D, Frischholz EJ, Maruffi B et al. Hypnotic responsitivity and the treatment of flying phobia. Am J Clin Hypn 1981; 23 (4):239-47.

Spiegel H, Spiegel D. Trance and treatment: clinical uses of hypnosis. Washington, D. C.: American Psychiatric Press; 1987.

Stanovic JK, James KA, Vandevere CA. The effectiveness of risperidone on acute stress symptoms in adult burn patients: a preliminary retrospective pilot study. J Burn Care Rehabil 2001; 22 (3):210-3.

Steil R, Ehlers A. Dysfunctional meaning of posttraumatic intrusions in chronic PTSD. Behav Res Ther 2000; 38 (6):537-58.

Stein DJ, Seedat S, van der Linden GJ et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 15 (Suppl 2):S31-9.

Stein DJ, Zungu-Dirwayi N, van Der Linden GJ et al. Pharmacotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder 2002 (4).

Stein DJ, Zungu-Dirwayi N, van Der Linden GJ et al. Pharmacotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Oxford: Update Software 2003.

Stein MB, Kline NA, Matloff JL. Adjunctive olanzapine for SSRI-resistant combat-related PTSD: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159 (10):1777-9.

Stewart SH, Pihl RO, Conrod PJ et al. Functional associations among trauma, PTSD, and substance-related disorders. Addict Behav 1998; 23 (6):797-812.

Strawbridge WJ, Shema SJ, Cohen RD et al. Religiosity buffers effects of some stressors on depression but exacerbates others. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 1998; 53 (3):S118-26.

Stretch RH, Knudson KH, Durand D. Effects of premilitary and military trauma on the development of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in female and male active duty soldiers. Mil Med 1998; 163 (7):466-70.

Sullivan GM, Gorman JM. Finding a home for post-traumatic stress disorder in biological psychiatry. Is it a disorder of anxiety, mood, stress, or memory? Psychiatr Clin North Am 2002; 25 (2):463-8, ix.

Swanson JW, Swartz MS, Essock SM et al. The social-environmental context of violent behavior in persons treated for severe mental illness. Am J Public Health 2002; 92 (9):1523-31.

Tarrier N, Humphreys L. Subjective improvement in PTSD patients with treatment by imaginal exposure or cognitive therapy: session by session changes. Br J Clin Psychol 2000; 39 (Pt 1):27-34.

Tarrier N, Pilgrim H, Sommerfield C et al. A randomized trial of cognitive therapy and imaginal exposure in the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 1999; 67 (1):13-8.

Tarrier N, Sommerfield C, Pilgrim H. Relatives' expressed emotion (EE) and PTSD treatment outcome. Psychol Med 1999; 29 (4):801-11.

Tarrier N, Sommerfield C, Pilgrim H et al. Factors associated with outcome of cognitive-behavioural treatment of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Behav Res Ther 2000; 38 (2):191-202.

Tarrier N, Sommerfield C, Pilgrim H et al. Cognitive therapy or imaginal exposure in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Twelve-month follow-up. Br J Psychiatry 1999; 175:571-5.

Taubman-Ben-Ari O, Rabinowitz J, Feldman D et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder in primary-care settings: prevalence and physicians' detection. Psychol Med 2001; 31 (3):555-60.

Taylor F, Cahill L. Propranolol for reemergent posttraumatic stress disorder following an event of retraumatization: a case study. J Trauma Stress 2002; 15 (5):433-7.

Taylor F, Raskind MA. The alpha1-adrenergic antagonist prazosin improves sleep and nightmares in civilian trauma posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 22 (1):82-5.

Taylor S, Thordarson DS, Maxfield L. Efficacy, speed, and adverse effects of three PTSD treatments: Exposure therapy, relaxation training, and EMDR. Canadian Psychology 2002; 43:139.

Telch CF, Agras WS, Linehan MM. Dialectical behavior therapy for binge eating disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 2001; 69 (6):1061-5.

Tenzer P. Office management of trauma: posttraumatic stress disorder. In, translator and editor Clinics in Family Practice. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2000.

Thienhaus OJ, Piasecki M. Assessment of psychiatric patients' risk of violence toward others. Psychiatr Serv 1998; 49 (9):1129-30, 47.

Thompson JA, Charlton PF, Kerry R et al. An open trial of exposure therapy based on deconditioning for post-traumatic stress disorder. Br J Clin Psychol 1995; 34 ( Pt 3):407-16.

Trent CR, Jr., Rushlau MG, Munley PH et al. An ethnocultural study of posttraumatic stress disorder in African-American and white American Vietnam War veterans. Psychol Rep 2000; 87 (2):585-92.

Triffleman E. Gender differences in a controlled pilot study of psychosocial treatments in substance dependent patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: Design considerations and outcomes. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 2000; 18 (3):113-26.

Triffleman E, Carroll K, Kellogg S. Substance dependence posttraumatic stress disorder therapy. An integrated cognitive-behavioral approach. J Subst Abuse Treat 1999; 17 (1-2):3-14.

Triffleman EG, Marmar CR, Delucchi KL et al. Childhood trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in substance abuse inpatients. J Nerv Ment Dis 1995; 183 (3):172-6.

True WR, Rice J, Eisen SA et al. A twin study of genetic and environmental contributions to liability for posttraumatic stress symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50 (4):257-64.

Tucker P, Smith KL, Marx B et al. Fluvoxamine reduces physiologic reactivity to trauma scripts in posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20 (3):367-72.

Tucker P, Trautman R. Understanding and treating PTSD: past, present, and future. Bull Menninger Clin 2000; 64 (3 Suppl A):A37-51.

Tucker P, Zaninelli R, Yehuda R et al. Paroxetine in the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: results of a placebo-controlled, flexible-dosage trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62 (11):860-8.

Tulen JH, Moleman P, Boomsma F et al. Dose-dependent effects of intravenous lorazepam on cardiovascular activity, plasma catecholamines and psychological function during rest and mental stress. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1991; 105 (1):77-83.

Turnbull GJ. A review of post-traumatic stress disorder. Part I: Historical development and classification. Injury 1998; 29 (2):87-91.

Ursano RJ, Kao TC, Fullerton CS. Posttraumatic stress disorder and meaning: structuring human chaos. J Nerv Ment Dis 1992; 180 (12):756-9.

USPSTF. Guide to Clinical Preventive Services. 2nd edition. ed. USPST Force, editor. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1996. (USPST Force editor).

USPSTF. Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, Third Edition, 2000-2003: Report of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Periodic Updates. AHRQ Publication No. 03-0007, March 2003. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/periodorder.htm 2003.

van den Bosch LM, Verheul R, Schippers GM et al. Dialectical Behavior Therapy of borderline patients with and without substance use problems. Implementation and long-term effects. Addict Behav 2002; 27 (6):911-23.

van den Hout M, Muris P, Salemink E et al. Autobiographical memories become less vivid and emotional after eye movements. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 2001; 40:121-30.

van der Kolk BA, McFarlane A, Weeisaeth L, editors. Traumatic stress: the effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body and society New York: Guilford Press; 1996.

Van Etten M, Taylor S. Comparative efficacy of treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 1998; 5:126-44.

van Praag HM. Moving ahead yet falling behind. A critical appraisal of some trends in contemporary depression research. Neuropsychobiology 1989; 22 (4):181-93.

Verheul R, Van Den Bosch LM, Koeter MW et al. Dialectical behaviour therapy for women with borderline personality disorder: 12-month, randomised clinical trial in The Netherlands. Br J Psychiatry 2003; 182:135-40.

VHA. Management of Substance Use Disorder in the Primary Care Setting. Office of Quality and Performance publication 10Q-CPG/SUD-01. Washington, D.C.: VA/DoD Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline Working Group, Veterans Health Administration, Department of Veterans Affairs , and Health Affairs, Department of Defense., September, 2001.

Wang S, Wilson JP, Mason JW. Stages of decompensation in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: a new conceptual model. Integr Physiol Behav Sci 1996; 31 (3):237-53.

Warner MD, Dorn MR, Peabody CA. Survey on the usefulness of trazodone in patients with PTSD with insomnia or nightmares. Pharmacopsychiatry 2001; 34 (4):128-31.

Watson CG, Tuorila JR, Vickers KS et al. The efficacies of three relaxation regimens in the treatment of PTSD in Vietnam War veterans. J Clin Psychol 1997; 53 (8):917-23.

Webb TE. Assessing a crisis of faith and making a pastoral crisis intervention. Int J Emerg Ment Health 2001; 3 (3):181-6.

Weisberg RB, Bruce SE, Machan JT et al. Nonpsychiatric illness among primary care patients with trauma histories and posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatr Serv 2002; 53 (7):848-54.

Wells BG, Chu CC, Johnson R et al. Buspirone in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Pharmacotherapy 1991; 11 (4):340-3.

WHO. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: F43.0 Acute Stress Reaction. Geneva: World Health Organization.

Williams ER, Shepherd SM. Medical clearance of psychiatric patients. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2000; 18 (2):185-98, vii.

Wilson JP, Lindy JD, editors. Countertransference in the treatment of PTSD New York: Guilford Press; 1994.

Wilson JP, Moran TA. Psychological trauma: posttraumatic stress disorder and spirituality. Journal of Psychology and Theology 1998; 26 (2):168-78.

Woods SJ. Prevalence and patterns of posttraumatic stress disorder in abused and postabused women. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2000; 21 (3):309-24.

Woolf SH. Practice guidelines, a new reality in medicine. II. Methods of developing guidelines. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152 (5):946-52.

Yehuda R. Biological factors associated with susceptibility to posttraumatic stress disorder. Can J Psychiatry 1999; 44 (1):34-9.

Yehuda R, Bierer LM, Schmeidler J et al. Low cortisol and risk for PTSD in adult offspring of holocaust survivors. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157 (8):1252-9.

Yehuda R, McFarlane AC, Shalev AY. Predicting the development of posttraumatic stress disorder from the acute response to a traumatic event. Biol Psychiatry 1998a; 44 (12):1305-13.

Yehuda R, Schmeidler J, Giller EL, Jr. et al. Relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder characteristics of Holocaust survivors and their adult offspring. Am J Psychiatry 1998b; 155 (6):841-3.

Zatzick DF, Kang SM, Muller HG et al. Predicting posttraumatic distress in hospitalized trauma survivors with acute injuries. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159 (6):941-6.

Zisook S, Chentsova-Dutton YE, Smith-Vaniz A et al. Nefazodone in patients with treatment-refractory posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61 (3):203-8.

Zoellner LA, Feeny NC, Fitzgibbons LA et al. Response of African American and Caucasian women to cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD. Behavior Therapy 1999; 30 (4):581-95.

Zohar J, Amital D, Miodownik C et al. Double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study of sertraline in military veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 22 (2):190-5.

Zygmont M, Prigerson HG, Houck PR et al. A post hoc comparison of paroxetine and nortriptyline for symptoms of traumatic grief. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59 (5):241-5.