References

American Geriatrics Society (AGS) Panel on Chronic Pain in Older Persons (1998).  The management of chronic pain in older persons.  Journal of American Geriatrics Society, 46, 635-651.

American Psychiatric Association (APA) (1995).  Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with substance use disorders: alcohol, cocaine, opioids.  American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 51-59.

American Psychiatric Association (APA) (1994).  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) (DSM-IV).  Washington, D.C.: APA.

American Psychiatric Association (APA) (1993).  Practice Guideline for Major Depressive Disorders in Adults (pp. 4-19).  Washington, DC: APA.

American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) (1996).  Patient Placement Criteria for the Treatment of Substance-Related Disorders (2nd ed.).  Washington, D.C.: ASAM, Inc.

Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT) (1995).  Detoxification from Alcohol and Other Drugs.  Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, Number 19. DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 95-3046. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Condelli, W. S. (1993).  Strategies for increasing retention in methadone programs.  Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 25, 143-147.

Cornish, J. W., McNicholas, L. F., & O'Brien, C. P. (1998).  Treatment of substance-related disorders.  In: Schatzberg, A. & Nemeroff, C. B. (Eds.).  Textbook of Psychopharmacology (2nd ed.), (pp. 851-868).  Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press.

Crum, R. M., Anthony, J. C., Bassett, S. S., et al. (1993).  Population-based norms for the Mini-Mental State Examination by age and education level.  Journal of the American Medical Association, 269 (18), 2386-2391.

Eissenberg, T., Bigelow, G. E., Strain, E. C., et al. (1997).  Dose-related efficacy of levomethadyl acetate for treatment of opioid dependence: a randomized clinical trial.  Journal of the American Medical Association, 277, 1945-1951.

Folstein, M., Folstein, S. E., McHugh, P. R., et al. (1975).  Mini-Mental State:  a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician.  Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12 (3), 189-198.

Gerstein, D. R., Johnson, R. A., Harwood, H. J., et al. (1994).  Evaluating recovery services: the California Drug and Alcohol Treatment Assessment (CALDATA) general report.  California Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs, Sacramento.

Glanz, M., Klawansky, S., McAullife, W., et al. (1997).  Methadone versus l-alpha acetylmethadol (LAAM) in the treatment of opiate addiction: a meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials. American Journal of Addiction, 6, 339-349.

Gold, M. S., Pottach, A. C., Sweeney, D. R., et al. (1980).  Opiate withdrawal using clonidine.  Journal of the American Medical Association, 243, 343-346.

Gold, M. S., Redmond, D. E., & Kleber, H. D. (1978).  Clonidine blocks acute opiate withdrawal symptoms.  Lancet, 2, 599-602.

Goodman L. S., Gilman, A., Hardman, J. G., et al. (1996). Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (9th ed.).  In J. G. Hardman & L. E. Limbird (Eds.).  New York: McGraw-Hill, 535.

Gossop, M. (1990).  The development of a Short Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS).  Addictive Behaviors; 15, 487-490.

Hasting, E. J., & Hamberger, L. K. (1997).  Sociodemographic predictors of violence.  Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 20, 323-335.

Hayashida, M., Alterman, A. I., McLellan, A. T., et al. (1989).  Comparative effectiveness and costs of inpatient and outpatient detoxification of patients with mild-to-moderate alcohol withdrawal syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 320, 358-365.

Hirschfeld, R. M., & Russell, J. M. (1997).  Assessment and treatment of suicidal patients.  New England Journal of Medicine, 337, 910-915.

Johnson, R. E., Chutuape, M. A., Strain, E. C., et al. (2000).  A comparison of levomethadyl acetate, buprenorphine, and methadone for opioid dependence.  New England Journal of Medicine, 343, 1290-1297.

Jones, H. E., Strain, E. C., Bigelow, G. E., et al. (1998).  Induction with levomethyadyl acetate: safety and efficacy.  Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 729-736.

Kiernan, R. J., Mueller, J., Langston, J. W., et al. (1987).  The Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Exam. Annals of Internal Medicine, 107, 481-485.

Longo, L. P., Parran, T., Johnson, B., et al. (2000).  Addiction: Part II. Identification and management of the drug-seeking patient.  American Family Physician, 61, 2401-2408.

Magura, S., Nwakeze, P. C., Kang, S. Y., et al. (1999).  Program quality effects on patient outcomes during methadone maintenance: a study of 17 clinics.  Substance Use Misuse, 34, 1299-1324.

Magura, S., & Rosenblum, A. (in press). Leaving methadone treatment: lessons learned, lesson forgotten, lessons ignored.  Mt. Sinai Journal of Medicine.

Malcolm, R., Ballenger, J. C., Sturgis, E., et al. (1989).  Double-blind controlled trial comparing carbamazepine to oxazepam treatment of alcohol withdrawal.  American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 617-621.

Marsch, L. A. (1998).  The efficacy of methadone maintenance interventions in reducing illicit opiate use, HIV risk behavior and criminality: a meta-analysis.  Addiction, 93, 515-532.

Mattick, R. P., & Hall, W. (1996).  Are detoxification programs effective?  Lancet, 347, 97-100.

Mayo-Smith, M. F., Cushman, A. Jr., Hill, A. J., et. al (1997).  Pharmacological management of alcohol withdrawal: a meta-analysis and evidence-based practice guideline.  Journal of the American Medical Association, 278, 144-151.

McLellan, A. T., Arndt, I. O., Metzger, D. S., et al. (1993).  The effects of psychosocial services in substance abuse treatment.  Journal of the American Medical Association, 269, 1953-1959.

National Consensus Development Panel on Effective Medical Treatment of Opiate Addiction (1998).  Effective medical treatment of opiate addiction.  Journal of the American Medical Association, 280, 1936-1943.

Newman, R. G., & Whitehall, W. B. (1979).  Double-blind comparison of methadone and placebo-maintenance treatments of narcotic addicts in Hong Kong.  Lancet, 2 (8141), 485-488.

Portenoy, R. K. (1994).  Opioid therapy for chronic non-malignant pain: current status.  In: HL Fields; J. C. Liebeskind (Eds.).  Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Chronic Pain: New Concepts and Critical Issues: Progress in Pain Research and Management, Vol. 1.  Seattle IASP Press, 247-288.

Portenoy, R. K., Dole, V., Joseph, H., et al. for the Pain Management and Chemical Dependency Working Group (1997).  Pain management and chemical dependency: evolving perspectives.  Journal of the American Medical Association, 278, 592.

Preston, K. L., Umbricht, A., & Epstein, D. H. (2000).  Methadone dose increase and abstinence reinforcement for treatment of continued heroin use during methadone maintenance.  Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 395-404.

Saitz, R., Mayo-Smith, M. F., Roberts, M. S. et al. (1994).  Individualized treatment for alcohol withdrawal: a randomized double-blind controlled trial.  Journal of the American Medical Association, 272, 519-523.

Savage, S. R. (1999).  Opioid use in the management of chronic pain.  Medical Clinics of North America, 83, 761-786.

Scimeca, M. M., Savage, S. R., Portenoy, R., et al. (2000).  Treatment of pain in methadone-maintained patients.  Mt. Sinai Journal of Medicine, 67, 412-422

Sees, K. L., Delucchi K. L., Masson, C., et al. (2000).  Methadone maintenance versus 180-day psychosocially enriched detoxification for treatment of opioid dependence: a randomized controlled trial.  Journal of the American Medical Association, 283 (10), 1303-1310.

Simpson, D. D., & Sells, S. B. (1990).  Opioid Addiction and Treatment: A Twelve-Year Follow-Up.  Malabar, FL.: Robert E. Krieger.

Smith, D. E., & Wesson, D. R. (1994).  Benzodiazepines and other sedative-hypnotics.  In: M Galanter & H Kleber (Eds.). Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment.  Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, Inc, 179-190.

Strain, E. C., Bigelow, G. E., Liebson, I. A., et al. (1999).  Moderate- versus high-dose methadone in the treatment of opioid dependence: a randomized trial.  Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 1000-1005.

Strain, E. C., & Stitzer, M. L. (1999).  Methadone Treatment for Opioid Dependence.  Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Strain, E. C., Stitzer, M. L., Liebson, I. A., et al. (1993a).  Dose-response effects of methadone in the treatment of opioid dependence.  Annals of Internal Medicine, 119, 23-27.

Strain, E. C., Stitzer, M. I., Liebson, I. A., et al. (1993b).  Methadone dose and treatment outcome.  Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 33, 105-117.

Sullivan, J. T., Skyora, K., Schneiderman, J., et al. (1989).  Assessment of alcohol withdrawal: the revised Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol scale (CIWA-Ar).  British Journal of Addiction, 84, 1353-1357.

Thienhaus, D. J., & Piasecki, M. (1998).  Assessment of psychiatric patients’ risk of violence toward others.  Psychiatric Services, 49, 1129-30, 1147.

U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (1995).  Detoxification from Alcohol and Other Drugs (Tip #19) (DHHS Publication No. (SMA)95-3046).  Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services.

U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (1993).  State Methadone Treatment Guidelines. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series #1.  M. W. Parrino, Consensus Panel Chair, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment.

U. S. Preventive Services Task Forces (1996).  Guide to Clinical Preventive Services (2nd ed.).  Baltimore, MD:  Williams & Wilkins.

Veterans Affairs Task Force on Prevention and Management of Suicidal and Assaultive Behavior.  (Not dated)  Prevention of Suicide: Everyone’s Concern (education module).

Zilm, D. H., & Sellers, E. M. (1978).  The quantitative assessment of physical dependence on opiates.  Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 3, 419-428.